Contemporary Technology

 1.  What is contemporary technology?

Contemporary Technology refers to the latest innovation and technology that has become a part of our daily life. These technologies have great influence over the life of humans. Services like E-mail, E-Commerce, chat, Video Conferencing, and Live streaming are some of the common contemporary technology that we encounter on daily basis.

2. What is Cloud Computing? Write with examples.

Cloud Computing is the use of hardware and software to deliver a service over a network (typically the Internet). With cloud computing, users can access files and use applications from any device that can access the Internet.   Examples of Cloud Computing

a)     Drop box, Face book, Gmail        b)     Google Drive, Apple iCloud   c)  Google Photos, Online Photoshop

3. What are the uses of Cloud Computing?

      a)     Store, backup and recovers data b) Host websites and blogs  c) Make communication and send emails

4.  Write advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing.

Advantages:

- Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information anywhere, anytime in the whole world, using an internet connection.

- Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up and restore that data using the cloud.

- Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via mobile.

- Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud computing. Data is securely stored and handled.

 Disadvantages

 - If you do not have good internet connectivity, you cannot access these data.

- While sending the data on the cloud, there may be a chance that your organization's information is hacked by Hackers.

-  The cloud providers may sometimes face technical outages that can happen due to various reasons, such as loss of power, low Internet connectivity, etc.

- Cloud computing companies fail to provide proper support to the customers.

5. What are the types of cloud computing?

Clouds can be classified as public, private, and hybrid.

Public cloud is made available to the general public or a large industry group.

Private cloud computing environment resides within the boundaries of an organization and is used exclusively for the organizational benefits

Hybrid cloud is the combination of both public and private cloud. It might run non-core applications in a public cloud, while maintaining core applications and data in a private cloud.

6. What are service model provided by cloud computing?

1. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): In this service, computing infrastructural components like server hardware, storage, bandwidth, and other fundamental computing resources are provided through the cloud.

2 Saas (Software as a Service): This service includes complete software on the can access software hosted on the cloud without installing it on the user's own computer.

   3. PaaS (Platform as a Service): It allows the user to rent virtualized servers and associated services used to run existing applications, or to design, develop, test, deploy and host applications.

7.  What is Artificial intelligence? Write its applications.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and reacts like humans.  John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence in the year 1955.

Applications of AI

a)     Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large number of possible positions.

b)     Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural language spoken by humans.   c.  Expert Systems    d. Vision Systems  e)     Intelligent Robots 

Examples of AI

a)     Siri / Alexa- both use AI to help you complete tasks or answer questions on your mobile devices.

b)     Netflix / Youtube  - uses advanced predictive technology to suggest shows based on your viewing preferences or rating.

c)     Facebook Feed - filter content that is most likely to be of interest to the particular Facebook user and predict what they will want to see.

 8. What is Virtual Reality? Write its uses.

An artificial environment created with computer hardware and software and presented to the user in such a way that it appears and feels like a real environment.

To "enter" a virtual reality, a user wears special gloves, earphones, and goggles, all of which receive their input from the computer system.

Application areas of VR

a)     It can be used in medical studies to enable students to know the human body structure.

b)     It can be used in scientific research laboratories so that scientist can easily research on a specific topic.

c)     It can be used in entertainment like in games and movies to make the gaming experience more real and to allow individual to experience adventures under extreme conditions.

d)     It can be used in driving schools as it gives a real look of roads and traffic.

9. What is E-Governance? Describe its model.

It is the use of ICT and its application by the government for the provision of information and public services to the people. The basic purpose of e-governance is to simplify processes for all, i.e. government, citizens, businesses, etc. at National, State and local levels.

Models of E-Governance

Government-to-Citizen(G2C)

G2C-is transaction between the government to citizens. It helps the ordinary people to reduce the time and cost to conduct a transaction and access to the services anytime from anywhere which includes online registration of birth/ death/marriage certificates, filling of income taxes, electricity bills, license renewals etc.

 Government-to-business (G2B)

G2B it is the transaction between government to business. It enhances the efficiency and quality of communication and transparency of government projects which includes online application forms, renewing licenses, registration etc.

 Government-to-Government (G2G)

 G2G it is the transaction between government to government and share the same database using online communication. It provides safe and secure inter-relationship between domestic or foreign government.

 Government-to-Employee (G2E)

G2E it is the transaction between government to employee for providing  online facilities to the employees like applying for leave, reviewing salary payment record and checking the balance of holiday.

it is also the relationship between employees, government institutions, and their management.

 10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of E-government?

Advantages of E-Governance

a) Electronic technologies make communication better, and faster. It will take very less time for any policy, or scheme to reach to the people.

b)  The use of e-governance helps make all functions of the business transparent.  All the information of each and every policy will be directly available to the citizens.

Disadvantages of  E-Governance

a)     Loss of Interpersonal Communication       

b)     High Setup Cost and Technical Difficulties 

c)     Leakage of Personal Information               

d)     Cybercrime

 11. What is Mobile Computing? Write its features and benefits.

 A technology that allows access and transmission of data, voice and video via a computer or any other wireless enabled device without having to be connected to a fixed physical link at anytime and anywhere.

Benefits of Mobile Computing

a)     Connectivity: You can stay connected to all sources at all times.

b)     Social Engagement: You can interact with a variety of users via the Internet.

c)     Personalization: You can modify your mobile computing to your individual needs.

Features of Mobile Computing

a)     Easy to handle and carry these small devices.  

 b)   Ability to share data and collaboration between users.

c)     Data can be transferred easily between users.  d)     The presence of high speed connections has also promoted the use of mobile computing.

 12. What is The Internet of Things (IoT)? Write its components.

A system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

—  The term "The Internet of Things" was coined by Kevin Ashton in a presentation to Proctor & Gamble in 1999.

—  A technology that connects all electronic devices together and prompts them to exchange information without any human intervention.

 

Components of IoT

a)     Sensors/Devices - Sensors/Devices collect data from their environment. e.g. Our phone is a device that has multiple sensors like GPS, camera, Motion etc. where data is being collected based on surroundings

b)     Connectivity to Cloud - The sensors/devices can be connected to the cloud and store, through a variety of methods including: Bluetooth, WiFi, Cellular etc.

c)     Data Processing  - Software perform data processing on cloud data to get a analyzed or computed data.    e.g Computing the temperature within an acceptable range.

d)     User Interface - The analyzed or computed data is made useful to the end user via and alert(email, text, notification). e.g a alert message when temperature is beyond the acceptable range.

13. What are the application field of IoT? Applications of Internet of Things (IoT)

a)     Smart home - Smart home encapsulates the connectivity inside your homes. It includes smoke detectors, home appliances, light bulbs, windows, door locks, etc.

b)     Smart City - Smart city offers all types of use cases which include traffic management, water distribution, waste management, etc.

c)     Parking Sensors - IOT technology helps users to identify the real-time availability of parking spaces on their phone.

d)     Connected Cars - IOT helps automobile companies handle billing, parking, insurance, and other related stuff automatically.

e)     Activity Trackers - Helps you to capture heart rate pattern, calorie expenditure, activity levels, and skin temperature on your wrist.

14. What are the advantages and disadvantages of IoT?

Advantage of IOT

a)     Accessing information is easy; you can control a device that is miles apart in real time.

b)     Communication between the connected devices becomes more transparent and easier.

c)     Transferring data packets over a network reduces both time and money.

d)     Automation is the need of the hour; IOT reduces human intervention and efficiency of services

Disadvantage of IOT

a)     There is a huge risk of leakage of confidential data, when sent over a network.

b)     Due to its complex network, a single loophole can put the entire system down, affecting everyone.

c)     With automation, the need of human labor reduces drastically.

d)     Today’s lifestyle is technology driven, we depend on the technology for the tiniest of tasks.

 15. What is E-learning? Write its advantages and disadvantages.

E-learning is a new concept of delivering digital contents in learner oriented environment using information and communication technology (ICT). Delivery of the digital content is the main characteristic of e-learning.

 Advantages of e-learning:

a)     It is easy for customization.

b)     There is no any geographical limitation for learning.

c)     It is quite favorable for learner as it can happen at any time and anywhere.

d)     It reduces or eliminates travel costs to attend learning events.

e)     It reduces or eliminates need for classroom/instructor infrastructure.

 Disadvantages of e-learning:

a)     Learners with low motivation or bad study habits may fall behind

b)     Students may feel isolated from the instructor and classmates

c)     Instructor may not always be available when students are studying or need help

d)     Slow Internet connections or older computers may make accessing course materials frustrating

e)     Managing computer files and online learning software can sometimes seem complex for students with beginner-level computer skills

16. What is  E-Banking? Write its features.

It is the facility provided by bank to conduct financial transactions via the Internet like  funds transfer, payment of bills, opening bank accounts online, and much more.  A customer needs a device, an Internet connection, and a bank card to register.

Features of E-Banking

a)     Faster Transactions

b)     Lowers Transaction Cost

c)      Provides 24×7 Service -

d)     Reduces The Chances of Error

e)     Develops Loyalty in Customers

17.  What is internet banking? Write its features, advantages and disadvantages.

Internet Banking

It is the facility offered by banks and financial institutions that allow customers to use banking services over the internet. Customers need not visit their bank’s branch office to avail each and every small service by using PC or laptop and smart phone with internet connection. 

—  Kumari Bank was the initiator of internet banking in Nepal. It started its e-banking services in 2002. 

Features of Internet Banking

a)     The customer can view account statements.

b)     The customer can check the history of the transactions for a given period by the concerned bank.

c)     Bank, statements, various types of forms, applications can be downloaded.

d)     The customer can transfer funds, pay any kind of bill, recharge mobiles, DTH connections, etc.

e)     The customer can buy and sell on e-commerce platforms.

Advantages of Internet Banking

a)     The customers get permanent access to his/her bank anytime and anywhere.

b)     Transactions are safe and highly secure.

c)     Immediate funds transfer helps the user in time of urgent need.

d)     It saves valuable time of the users.

Disadvantages of Internet Banking

a)     Internet Requirement

b)     Transaction Security

 c)     Difficult for Beginners

d)     Securing Password

18. What is mobile banking?

Mobile banking is the act of making financial transactions on a mobile device (cell phone, tablet, etc.).

by downloading Mobile App or SMS system and used for balance inquiry, transaction history,  fund transfer, utility payment, merchant payment, third party payment, etc.

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